Transcriptional profiling of extraintestinal Escherichia coli exposed to cranberry pomace extracts alone or in combination with ceftriaxone

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) includes several serotypes that have been associated with colibacillosis in poultry, as well urinary tract infections and newborn meningitis humans. This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of ceftriaxone (AXO) cranberry pomace extracts (CRAN) alone or combination (CC) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) ExPEC from broiler. The growth-inhibitory activity CRAN synergy tests by a checkerboard method were determined cation-adjusted Mueller–Hinton broth (CAMHB). transcriptomic profile MDR E. O7:H18 (ST38) grown CAMHB supplemented sub-inhibitory concertation AXO was obtained RNA-seq. MIC for all isolates 16 mg/mL. An additive observed between 4 mg/mL ?g/mL AXO. Compared to control, analysis revealed mg/ml (1/4MIC) its (1/8MIC) exposures resulted 727 712 differentially expressed genes, respectively (false discovery rate < 0.001 log 2 -fold change > 2), studied . Major virulence genes including adhesins ( fim, flg, csg , yad ), protectins omp, tra, waa hly secretion systems hof, pho vir quorum sensing lsr which are energetically expensive bacteria, downregulated. Most importantly, 1/4MIC CC downregulated ?-lactamase bla CMY-2 efflux pump tolC, mdtEIJ, gadEW their regulator gene evgS while upregulating cysteine biosynthesis oxidative stress-related regulatory cys, dmlA, sbp, nrdGHI, soxSR rpoH Downregulation multiple enzymes involved TCA cycles upregulation Fe–S cluster coordinated Cys Isc proteins reflect regulation energy metabolism upon exposure. downregulation outer membrane protein control permeability barriers, along different resistance demonstrates may unique potential enhance third-generation cephalosporins such